Yinxu, located on both sides of Lishui, Anyang City, Henan Province, is the first Shang Dynasty ruins in China that have been documented and confirmed by Oracle and archaeological excavations. In this magical "ruin", there is a total of 755 jade articles unearthed from a single woman's tomb, including almost the jade varieties in the central area of ​​the Shang Dynasty. In this issue, Dr. Tang Jigen, who has served as the stationmaster of the Anyang Workstation of the Institute of Archaeology of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences for 12 years, used the archaeological excavation of the Yinxu jade as a clue to elaborate on the style of the Shang Dynasty.
There are many kinds of jade articles for animals, jade materials are diverse, crafts are superb, and the wind of "Shangyu" is blowing.
“Yangshui Anyang is worthy of its name. It was the imperial capital three thousand years ago.†Yinxu, located on both sides of Lishui, Anyang City, Henan Province, is the first Shang Dynasty ruins in China that have been documented and confirmed by Oracle and archaeological excavations. Since the archaeological excavation was independently hosted by Chinese academic institutions in 1928, 13 Wangling tombs, more than 2,000 accompanying tombs, sacrificial pits and chariot pits have been discovered in the Wangxu site of Yinxu. In 2000, archaeologists were in the Yin Ruins. The northeastern city has proved a Yubei Mall with an area of ​​more than 4.7 million square meters. The base area of ​​the No. 1 base has a length of more than 170 meters and an area of ​​16,000 square meters - a large scale, shocking the academic world.
In this magical "ruin", there is a total of 755 jade articles unearthed from a single woman's tomb, including almost the jade varieties in the central area of ​​the Shang Dynasty. Talking about the Shang Dynasty jade, it is naturally inseparable from the Yin Ruins. In this issue, Dr. Tang Jigen, who has served as the stationmaster of the Anyang Workstation of the Institute of Archaeology of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences for 12 years, used the archaeological excavation of the Yinxu jade as a clue to elaborate on the style of the Shang Dynasty.
The forest trail tested out the Shang Dynasty Palace
During the Southern and Northern Dynasties, Ruo Daoyuan described the location of the Yin Ruins in the "Shui Jing Zhu". However, the Yin Ruins really see the sky, from the end of the 19th century to the beginning of the 20th century, the bones unearthed in Xiaoyan Village, Anyang, Henan Province, flowed into the hands of Wang Rongrong, Luo Zhenyu, Wang Guowei and other university students. They comprehensively verified that Xiaoyan was after the Shang Dynasty’s Pan Gengqian. The location of the capital.
In 1928, Wen Shuwen, Dong Zuobin and the temporary staff formed an archaeological team and began the first trial of the Yin Ruins. The Chinese modern archaeology began. In the spring of 1929, Li Ji presided over the official excavation of the Yin Ruins. He was forced to interrupt the outbreak of the Anti-Japanese War in 1937 and conducted 15 scientific excavations. “In the 1930s, the study of jade artifacts unearthed from the Yin Ruins brought great challenges to scholars. The jade ornaments buried in the tomb of Xiaoyan M331 are different from Shangyu in terms of jade materials, but the tomb itself is certain. It was the tomb of the Shang Dynasty. Later, when the information was more, I realized that this is a more ancient Shijiahe culture jade than the Shang Dynasty. The development of commercial culture is innovative and inherited. Many ancient jade in the Neolithic Age before the Xia Dynasty, They were all 'taken' directly by the Shang Dynasty." Tang Jigen said.
After the founding of New China, archaeologists resumed the excavation of the Yin Ruins, and more exquisite jade articles were made to the world. "Since 1950, there have been more than 2,600 jade articles unearthed throughout the Yin Ruins, mainly found in the royal tombs of the royal family, such as the Tomb of Women in 1976, the Tomb No. 160 of Guojiazhuang in 1993, and the Garden of Dongfang in 2001. In the tomb, etc., a lot of jade articles were unearthed. In 1975, Anyang Xiaoyan discovered a special jade workshop, which contained cutting waste and drilling waste left by the jade process. It may be owned by the royal family. Jade processing site. For Dr. Tang Jigen, who has been responsible for the archaeological excavation of Yin Ruins in Anyang, he found that five jade handles were the most dramatic events in his archaeological career.
Yin Ruins have unearthed a lot of exquisite jade
Archaeologists have not been able to discover the ancient city of Shang Dynasty in Anyang. In 1999, Tang Jigen led an archaeological team to discover a new Shang Dynasty ancient city on the northeastern edge of the traditional Yinxu reserve. This ancient city was named "Zhubei Mall". Just as some scholars in the academic circles questioned the discovery of Yubei Mall, Tang Jigen discovered the new palace district of Shang Dynasty in the south of the north-south axis of Yubei Mall.
At that time, Tang Jigen and his archaeological team drilled for a month at the runway of the Anyang Air School, but found nothing. One day, the security of the school was taken out of the airport for safety reasons. In desperation, Tang Jigen had to go to the village head of Hanwangdu Village to see if he could drill in the vegetable fields of the villagers. The village head said, "Yes, but it takes two yuan to make a hole." Tang Jigen felt too expensive, could not afford it, and then gave up. On the way back from Hanwangdu Village, Tang Jigen just met an apple tree, and the fruit trees were in a row, separated by forest roads. Tang Jigen thought that there would be no more money to collect a few holes in the road. So he greeted the archaeologists to try to drill, but did not expect to shovel down, actually found the palace of the Shang Dynasty. Although there are new archaeological discoveries in Yubei Mall, some scholars still have doubts about the age and nature of Yubei Mall. The answer to this question is actually related to 5 jade handles.
In 2001, Tang Jigen led the archaeological team to excavate one of the largest building bases in the southern part of the central axis of the Yubei Mall. After the base address was revealed, the age was finally determined. Tang Jigen determined that if the building is indeed a palace or a ancestral temple of the Shang Dynasty, it will certainly leave a sacrifice pit during the construction process. Under normal circumstances, there may be cultural relics with the characteristics of the times in the sacrificial pits of the Shang Dynasty. Following this line of thinking, the archaeological team found dozens of ritual pits in the coffin of the earthen basement of the building. Among the five sacrificial pits, one jade handle was unearthed. The five jade handles have strong characteristics of the times, and it is certain that the jade in the middle of the dynasty is undoubtedly. For the Shang Dynasty, the jade handle is a kind of jade with special purpose, it is like the "ancestral tablet" of later generations. The importance of the building related to the jade in the ritual pit is conceivable. Therefore, the discovery of these five handles has played a crucial role in finally solving the controversy over the age and use of the Taipei Mall.
Tasting
The level is obviously diverse
What kind of style characteristics does the Shang Dynasty jade have? According to Tang Jigen's analysis, it may be possible to summarize it in three words—diverse forms, integration into life, and obvious levels.
Jade is not all from Xinjiang
The jade wares of the Shang Dynasty are various in form, including the diverse sources of jade materials, and the variety of jade articles, but also a wide variety of rituals, including scorpions, scorpions, scorpions, and big gems, as well as cymbals, rings, and various animals. Shaped ornament. In the oracle bones, there are such sayings as “take jade†and “positive (levy) jadeâ€. The jade that was actually unearthed also confirmed that the source of the jade material in Shang Dynasty is very complicated. "Hetian jade, Xiuyan jade, northwest jade and even the ancient jade of various Neolithic ages have been reformed in various situations. The jade articles of the Neolithic Age are basically reclaimed, and the Shang Dynasty has clearly broken through this regionality. This shows that the compatibility of business culture is inclusive. The so-called ' Shang Dynasty jade is the sentence of Hetian jade', which can be proved wrong from the unearthed objects.†However, the Shang Dynasty people have a strong ability to distinguish jade materials and stone materials. High quality jade is mainly found in high-grade tombs. At the same time, the jade craftsman of the Shang Dynasty made a high awareness of the jade material, and already knew the pretty and delicate carvings, such as the jade turtle, which is the black-backed white belly, vivid image, showing a high level of aesthetics.
In addition, in the combination of jade and other materials, in addition to the traditional turquoise inlay, the combination of jade and bronze is also reflected. Among the unearthed relics, there are jade aid copper coins and jade aid copper spears. This way of combining copper and jade to make artifacts has been called "Golden Jade League" by some scholars. "There are some jade articles that may be combined with wood or bamboo into a composite material of two materials. Although materials such as wood have been rotted and invisible for thousands of years, it can be seen from the drilling, jointing and other parts of jade pieces. Independent utensils."
Played an important life role
Shang Dynasty jade plays an important role in secular life.
"The jade artifacts of the Neolithic Age and even the Xia Dynasty, the jade artifacts of animal subjects are relatively few, and there are fewer jade artifacts of the same subject and different forms. However, there are many jade artifacts of the animal theme in the Shang Dynasty. As far as the jade artifacts unearthed in Anyang are related to secular life. Jade has color palette, comb, ear spoon, dragonfly, dragon, phoenix, bird, tiger, elephant, bear, monkey, deer, horse, cow, dog, rabbit, animal head, crane, eagle, lynx, parrot, pigeon Swallow chicks, baboons, geese, ducks, fish, frogs, pelicans, crickets, crickets, crickets, crickets, pendants, etc. According to rough statistics, the animal-shaped jade ornaments unearthed in the small and medium-sized jade tombs found in the Yin Ruins Accounted for 22% (including 6% of birds, 5% of fish, 3% of rabbits, 8% of other animal shaped jade ornaments), 17% of handles, 10% of knives, 7% of knives, 5% of knives, 戚4%, rings 2%, 笄2%. Others are below 1%. And these animal shapes are different in shape and beautiful. Like jade birds, birds, birds, birds, birds, and mothers and birds: The big bird is down, a small bird is on it, it is very infectious. It can be said that this art work has reached a higher aesthetic level. The ornamentation is for the shape service. Such as the reduction of the ground carving, double hook line pattern, etc. must complement the model, polishing is also done very fine. Some good Shang Dynasty jade magnified two hundred times, you can see the traces of the surface grinding, this is to The effect of slowly squatting in the water can be achieved. Many exquisite small jade birds are unearthed in small and medium-sized tombs, which should belong to the civilian use of jade, which shows the Shangyu spirit of the whole society."
Exquisite craftsmanship
The grade of Shang Dynasty jade is obvious, mainly reflected in the possession and use of jade. The jade articles of the Shang Dynasty are mostly in the form of flakes. Only the tombs with high specifications will be unearthed. Usually only Wang Ling and the tombs associated with the royal family, such as the woman's tomb, there is a round jade carving, the tomb of the intermediate aristocracy, basically only sheet jade.
The grade color of the Shang Dynasty jade is also reflected in the type of jade. Some jade articles such as jade, jade, and large jade belong to rituals related to sacrifices or ranks. They are also found only in higher levels of tombs. The jade in the tomb is usually even and bright, and the jade in the tomb often has speckles, and 90% of the small tombs are not buried with jade.
Many fake products have a good reputation
Regarding the current fraud in the Shang Dynasty jade, Tang Jigen said that sometimes he could not bear to watch. "I used to 'hidden name' and went to a so-called collector's house to open my eyes. Two or three hundred so-called Shang Dynasty jade articles, almost no real ones."
For this batch of jade articles, Tang Jigen observed from the aspects of materials, work, shape, grain and sputum. The reason why he is so sure that these jade articles are fake. The first is because the jade materials are single. "The total number of jade articles of a few hundred pieces has only one or two kinds of jade materials, which is very inconsistent with the diversity of the commercial jade materials." Secondly, the jade articles of these jade articles are too "advanced". "Most of the jade carvings are round sculptures, which is inconsistent with the fact that the jade articles of Shang Dynasty are mainly flakes." Third, the shape of some jade articles is flawed. "It’s too much or too different. It should be doubted. If a jade is exactly the same as the known jade, it must be fake.†Fourth, quite a part of the fake jade is too "perfect". "The double hook line pattern of the Shang Dynasty, because it is hand-carved, should have different depths and irregular lines. The double-hook lines that are completely parallel and deep and consistent should be counterfeited by contemporary people." Tang Jigen also believes To distinguish the authenticity of jade, it is most important to observe the flaws on the surface of jade. "The twilight that has been formed over thousands of years is not something that contemporary people can imitate."
Copper casting jade tool
No physical unearthed
In 2003, Anyang discovered a bronze foundry factory in the Shang Dynasty. The factory has a built-in bronze caster that can cast a circular bronze with a diameter of 1.5 meters, which is larger than the mother-in-law. This discovery once again proves the superb bronze casting process of the Shang Dynasty. Then, is the leaps and bounds in the level of the Shang Dynasty's governance jade, is it benefiting from the promotion of bronze skills?
Tang Jigen believes that the current archaeological discoveries reflect more of the interaction between bronzes and jade in the shape and ornamentation. The word "chen" is more common in bronzes and on some jade birds. However, copper jade tools have not yet been discovered. “The drilling technology of the Shang Dynasty has braided boreholes, tubular boreholes and percussive drilling. From the perspective of experimental archaeology, we used red copper pipes as drills and drilled with jade sand on jade. The hole experiment took seven or eight hours to drill a hole as deep as a mung bean. This shows that copper and jade sand can theoretically be used as a jade tool, but there is no archaeological support."
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