Song Jinyuan three color pillow classification and origin

Classification Song Jinyuan Sancai pillow refers to the low-temperature colored glaze ceramic pillow produced in the Song, Jin, and Yuan Dynasties. It was burned first, followed by color glaze on the carcass, and fired at low temperature. The glaze was yellow, green, white, and miso The color is mainly made by firing in the northern kiln mouth, and the kiln is mainly a typical hoe kiln in the north. Burning tools include picks, pads, and cakes. There are three nails on the side of the tri-color pillow, indicating that it is supported by a three-pin nail and side-mounted in the kiln.

Song Jinyuan's tri-color pillows are numerous in quantity and rich in variety. The performance in decoration is particularly prominent. The pattern is also the richest and most characteristic of the three-color device in the same period. This article is mainly based on the shape of the three-color ceramic pillow classification, can be roughly divided into two categories:

Class I: Box pillows. Formed by pillows, pillows and pillows. This type of pillow is the most common, with the most types and the largest number. Can be divided into the following categories:

A rectangular pillow. The most found. Clear and angular, occipital surface flat or slightly concave, slightly tilted at both ends. According to glaze color, decoration can be clearly divided into 3 groups:

In the first group, the subjects on the occipital surface were folding flowers and individual animals and figures. The ornamentation is regular, and the layout is mostly reticle-shaped with rectangular borders. The flowers in the opening are scribed with flowers and the open exterior is decorated with flowers and grass. The glaze has more colors. This type of tri-color pillow first appeared after the middle of the Northern Song Dynasty, and Jin Dynasty is still popular. Representative collections are:

1. Those unearthed in the Song Tombs of Neihuang County in Henan Province are decorated with red sunflowers and peony flowers on the pillow surface, painted with blue flowers on the first, and under the white enamel of the jewelry. The underside of the pillow is not glazing and is slightly flat.

2. Three colored lotus flower pillows unearthed from the Song tomb of Xin'an were painted on the pillow face and lotus leaves. There was an inscription "town house is good" and the period of the tombs was Song Zhezong Period (from 1086 to 1101) in the middle period of the Northern Song Dynasty.

3. The National Palace Museum is engraved with carved figures. The upper half and the occipital surface are decorated with green glaze. The center of the occipital face is decorated with two figures walking in the grass. The green trees and the yellow clouds are used as a foil. Both sides are yellow. Open a branch of flowers.

4. In 1956 Xi'an Qujiang Chixi Village Yuan Tomb unearthed leaf pattern pillow. The occipital surface is slightly concave, with yellow, green and brown colored painted leaf patterns composed of floral patterns, cross patterns, and the like.

The second set of occipital pillows features the theme of people. Only two pieces have been found so far, and they were in the middle and late 12th century.

1. The three-colored character pillows collected by the Capital Museum are painted in the opening light with Tang Dynasty poems carved on both sides. The section is "Longxing First Year (1163)" and the stamp is printed at the end. This porcelain pillow should be the product of Guanzhou Cizhou Kiln. There are two reasons for this: First, the kiln sites that have been stamped with the “Zhangjiazao” sign are currently only Cizhou Kiln and Jizhou Kiln, and the Jizhou Kiln site has only found Shu. Zhao, Guo, and Xie Sixing did not find Zhang Xing. Secondly, the tri-color pillows of Jizhou Kiln were rare. Most of them were green-glazed pillows, and they had many waist-shaped and octagonal shapes. They rarely saw such three-color characters. Rectangular pillow.

2. Five years (1135) of the Shaoxing collection from the National Palace Museum, some scholars speculated that the porcelain pillow was made from the southern kilns. In the early period of establishment of the Southern Song Dynasty, the northern region occupied for the Golden Man. The situation was chaotic. The kiln workers moved southwards and brought the craftsmanship to the south. However, so far, only the Jizhou kiln at the southern kiln site of the San Cai Pillow has been found. However, this type of porcelain pillow has not been found. Therefore, it is still unclear whether the Shaoxing Five-year Pillow is a production site in the south of the kiln.

The third set of occipital pillows was decorated with stories as the theme. The characters were integrated into the story and became part of the story. There are also popular leaf-shaped pillows in the Yuan Dynasty. The center of the painting is in the form of a drawing. There are flower motifs on both sides of the center image, and the pillow wall is decorated with floral patterns. Specimens are:

1. The three-colored pillow unearthed in Fangshan, Beijing, has a pillow surface pattern of “Xiao Ho’s Pursuit of Hanxin Under the Moon”. The excavator will set the age as the Song Dynasty. It is actually wrong. There are mainly the following reasons: First, the motif of the porcelain pillow is Xiao Han Yue Xia Han Xin. This pattern is used for the porcelain of the Yuan Dynasty blue-and-white figure porcelain vase that was first seen in the Nanjing Museum, and the clothing of the characters in the two patterns. There are many similarities between the crown ornaments, the posture of the horses running, the ornamentation of the scenes, and the overall composition; secondly, the pillow walls are also decorated with flowers and grass lines, which are not visible in the porcelain pillows of the Northern Song Dynasty; again, these porcelain pillows Usually larger, usually over 40 cm long. Therefore, it is inferred that this type of porcelain pillow is a Yuan Dynasty porcelain pillow.

2. Japan's Tokyo National Museum hides, pillow surface depicts a young child playing in the lotus, which means "together with your child."

Second, round (or elliptical) pillow, pillow surface was round (or elliptical) shape, the shape of the pillow body and the corresponding pillow surface. Circular pillow appeared in the late Northern Song Dynasty and it was popular in the Jin Dynasty. Specimens are:

1. The tri-color carved pillow was unearthed in the tomb of Hui County, Henan Province, and it was low and high in height. A diamond-shaped pattern was scribed in the frame of the double Yinxian line on the pillow surface, and the central part was scribed with a peony pattern. Apply green glaze to the pillow and brown glaze at the waist.

2. The stone pillows were excavated from the stone in Shanxi Province, and the lotus was carved on the pillow surface. The peony on the pillow wall was stamped with peony and the pattern was prominent. The time was roughly Jin Dynasty.

3. Taiyuan, Shanxi unearthed green glaze cut flower pillow, pillow surface wrapped around the branches of peony.

Third, the waist round pillow. The front wall of the pillow is obviously curved, the back wall is convex, and the sides are rounded, similar to a person's waist. Typical specimens are:

1. The peony pillow was found in the white horse temple of Luoyang. It resembles the green glaze peony pillow of the 1st year of the year (1156) in the Tokyo National Museum of Japan. The age was Song and Jin periods.

2. Many museums of the Nanyue Tomb of the Kings are hidden, with pale red tires, three color glazes with open patches, and pillows with mostly floral patterns.

3. The Hebei Provincial Museum collects peony pillows, red bricks, yellow, green, and brown glazes.

4. The Japanese Shek Kwang Art Museum has carved pillows with green lotus leaf and yellow lotus flower on the pillow surface. The rim of the pillow is engraved with rich lotus leaf patterns and heavy green glazes are applied.

It is inferred that such pillows are popular in the Song and Jin periods.

Fourth, waist-shaped pillow. The sides of the pillow are square, and the remaining four sides are evenly curved. Typical specimens are:

1.In 1969 Luoyang unearthed tricolor poem pillows, pillow top square, decorated with yellow, green leaves, white five-petal flowers, pillow dark brown engraved with the North Qu Xiao Xiao Ling, the word plate is "Qing Xuan and" "when the flowers" " Falling wind."

2. In 1976, Luoyang unearthed three colored poems and pillows. The four faces of the pillow surface were marked with four small Northern Songs.

3. The Matsuoka Museum of Art in Japan is similar to the two mentioned above and should be unearthed in the Luoyang area.

This kind of poetry pillow was unearthed in the Luoyang area. There are many kinds of poems and pillows, but there are few in the years. Their production age is basically concentrated in the early 12th century. For example, the Japanese Meize Memorial Hall contains Shaoxing's three-year-old green-glazed poem rectangular pillow, the US private Tibetan-style shaoxing poetry waist round pillow for the first year, and the Gansu Provincial Museum’s collection of black and white poetry pillows, Qin Dashu. Mr. Chen believes that his age is after the late Jin Dynasty.

There are also flower-patterned or geometric-patterned waist-shaped pillows, dating back to the Song and Jin periods.

Five, three-flowered pillow. The side wall is vertical, and the pillow surface is decorated with a double-line frame. The frame is scribed with a pattern. The pillow wall is printed with a checkered pattern and the black glaze is used as the bottom. Specimens are:

1. The three-colored boy-children lotus grain pillow unearthed at the Houma Golden Tomb in Shanxi Province is slightly remnant of the pillow surface, and it is decorated with a boy figure. Apply white glaze to the flower, apply green glaze to lotus leaf and ground grain, and apply yellow glaze.

2. The three-petal flower-shaped pillows in the collection of the Nanyue Tomb Museum contain baby, fish and flower patterns.

Some scholars have inferred that this black glaze-triggered tri-color pillow is produced in Shanxi Yaochang, and the popular age is Jin Dynasty.

Six, hexagonal pillow. It may be made by cutting the corners of the rear wall of the rectangular pillow into hexagons. The two sides are high, the middle is slightly lower, and the slope is slightly different. This kind of porcelain pillow is not found much, often with black glaze as the bottom.

1. Porcelain pillows unearthed in Qingjian, Shaanxi Province, and pillow faces painted by the girl's crane figure. The glaze is dark green with yellow-white glazes around the pillow.

2. The Nanyue Tomb Museum has pillows, three glazes, and five quatrains in the center of the pillow.

3. The Swedish Far East Museum of Antiquities hides pillows and the occipital surface marks waterfowl.

It is speculated that it was produced in the Shanxi kiln and that it was in the Jin Dynasty.

Seven, fan-shaped pillow. Pillows are trapezoidal, with front wall prints and shallow reliefs. Both are decorated with yellow-green glazes. The most prominent feature of this kind of porcelain pillow is the “Fuk, Lu” pattern stamped on the side of the pillow. It is represented by “Fu” and animal deer shape. Some of the low-temperature glazed porcelain pillows include two longevity stars in addition to the "Fu" and the deer. Specimens are:

1. Five years (1200 years) of pillows in Chengan, the National Museum of Tokyo, Japan.

2. In the 29th year (1189) of the Jinding of Shanxi Province, Changzhi's oldest son, the porcelain pillow was unearthed, with yellowish-green glaze.

3. South Vietnam King's Tomb Museum pillow, 2 pieces, yellow-green glaze.

4. The pillow is hidden in Henan Tangyin Wenguan. The fish is scribed on the top. The surrounding lines are engraved with lotus strings. The glaze is dominated by green glaze, supplemented by yellow and white glaze.

The popular age of such porcelain pillows is late Jin Dynasty.

In addition, there are some box-shaped pillows, which can not be type-analyzed due to a small number of findings.

Saddle-shaped pillow was found only in Jishui, Jiangxi Province. The pillows are cylindrical at both ends. Each end of the cylinder has a round hole. The wall of the cylinder draws a flower. The pillow side looks like a dish. The yellow and green glazes are different from the tricolor pillows found in the north. They should be produced in the south of Jizhou Kiln. The age of the Southern Song Dynasty was the first year of Jiaxi (1237).

Ruyi head-shaped pillow, only the pillow made into a wishful-shaped head, pillow surface painted a branch of peony, pillow seat out of the edge, the edge and the occipital surface of the edge of different imprinting decoration. Only two were found, both of which are collections of the Museum of the South Vietnam King. The age is roughly from the Northern Song Dynasty to the Jin Dynasty.

Yuanbao-shaped pillows were found in Shijiao Sancai Kiln, and there were two collections of Nanyue Tomb Museum.

An octagonal pillow, found two pieces, is a collection of the Nanyue Tomb Museum.

Class II: Like a living pillow. In the model of a human or beast, it is used as a pillow or pillow or on its back. It is an important form of porcelain pillow. There are the following types:

First, the lion pillow. There are two kinds of pillows: single lion and double lion. The double lion play Hydrangea is more exciting.

Single Lion pillow? The porcelain pillow is a curly lion. Forelegs close together and bow forward, hind limbs.

1. The lion-shaped pillow was unearthed in Liaocheng, Shandong Province. The lion's back pillow surface was oval-shaped, with glazing as a whole, yellow armpit hair, and green lion. It was also embellished with black and white.

2. Zhengzhou Song tombs unearthed pillows, lion back pillow surface with two kinds of picturesque shape and oval shape, such as the impressed occipital face carved in full bloom peony.

3. The pillows were excavated from the Houma tomb in Shanxi, and the pillow seat was shaped into a lying lion shape.

Double Lion pillow? The occipital surface is round, rectangular or like-shaped, the middle is slightly concave, and the two ends are slightly warped. It is worth mentioning that artisans skillfully combined lions, colored balls and porcelain pillows and blended together to give people a refreshing feeling.

1. Luoyang Wangcheng Garden unearthed a lion-shaped pillow, such as the impressed occipital face carved with peony flowers in full bloom, pillows under the face of the two lions for the pillow seat, two lions a plastic ball.

2. The Yunnan Provincial Museum has pillows, rectangular pillows, and double lions under the pillow. The glaze is mainly yellow-green glaze.

3. Henan Tang Yin Wen possession of the pillow, pillow oval, green glaze with the main table, supplemented by yellow and black glaze, abdominal decorated double lion play Xiuqiu.

In addition, the Nanyue Tomb Museum also houses several lion-shaped pillows. This type of pillow was roughly the Song and Jin period.

Second, tiger-shaped pillow.

1. The Hebei Provincial Museum has a tiger-shaped pillow. The whole is a crouching tiger with a tiger head on one end and a plastic tiger tail on one end. The tiger's tail is close to the front elbow and the tiger's back is a pillow surface.

2. The Datong Museum hides pillows, and the occipital surface is lotus leaf-shaped. Tigers applied yellow-brown and two-tone glazes, and the backs of the pillows were molded with trees and green stones.

One of the Jinzhou Cizhou kiln tiger pillows collected by the Shanghai Museum is in the shape of a crouching tiger, a black flower on the pillow surface, and the ink book on the pillow at the end of June. It is the same as the above two tiger pillows. Shaped. It is speculated that the popular age of the three-color tiger pillow was Jin Dynasty.

Third, the boy's lotus leaf pillow.

The sleeping pillow is a sleeping child lying on the couch side. The child is hidden under a lotus leaf, and the lotus leaf is skillfully molded into a curved pillow surface. The glaze is yellow, green and white. Such porcelain pillows were unearthed in the Henan Province, and Shangcai County in Henan Province, Luxi District in Luoyang, Jingxian County, and Yexian County were unearthed. The Nanyue Tomb Museum also has a collection. The boy's lotus leaf pillow unearthed in Song County of Henan Province was associated with copper coins in the late Song Dynasty. The gold tomb was commonly used in the Song Dynasty. Therefore, the pillow should not be older than the end of the Northern Song Dynasty, and the possibility of the Jin Dynasty is even greater.

In addition, a sleeping pillow unearthed from the tomb of Henan Baofeng Song Dynasty is unique in shape and beautifully decorated. Pillow figures are young males, lying on their side and sleeping well. There is a group of animal reliefs in front of the characters, one frog, one crane and one deer. Behind the porcelain pillow is a group of relief sculptures that form a story picture. The occipital surface is a mid-high, half-height, half-leaved lotus leaf with sculpted flowers and grass. It is speculated that Qingliangsi kiln products in Baofeng County.

Origin, Times and Craft According to the collected material statistics, there were nearly 20 kiln sites in the Song Jinyuan period that produced San Cai pillows.

1. Henan Yaokang 1. Gong Yizhi Tiantian kiln, it is accurate to say that it should be a kiln of the Song and Jin Dynasties that was specialized in firing low-temperature glaze ceramics, in which Sancai pillow was its main product. The decorative style of the tri-color pillow unearthed in the imperial tombs of the Northern Song Dynasty and the style of the three-colored device fragments collected by Gong Yizhi Tianyao is extremely similar. It is speculated that it should be the product of Gong Yizhi Tianyao. We have reason to believe that this is a three-color supply for Songling. Utensil workshops.

2. Yuanxun palm kiln, unearthed two three-color pillows and more than 80 pieces of tricolor. Two three-color pillows are rectangular, a length of 63 cm, occipital figures depicting people listening to the map; a length of 48.8 cm, occipital pillow depicting the lotus pattern. The fetus is light red and the device is green, yellow, brownish red, black, and white. The traditional method of sculpting and coloring is used for decoration, and the pattern lines are smooth. The Yuan Dynasty Sancai pillows unearthed in Fangshan, Beijing, are very similar in terms of style, fetal glaze, decoration and size, and should be made for the kiln. It is assumed that the Jiyuan Xun palm kiln is a Jinyuan kiln site.

3. Baofeng Qingliangsi kiln, its trio is only found in the third layer of the site (that is, the late Song Dynasty cultural layer), and the number is larger, second only to the blue glaze and white glaze device, ranking third. The tri-color pillow sets mold, seal, and paste in one, with the basic shades of sauce, green, and yellow. The color of the tire is gray, and the quality of the fetus is firm. There are three types of pillow: lotus leaf pillow, double lion pillow, and rectangular pillow. There is a sleeping pillow unearthed at Baofeng Song Tomb, presumed to be the kiln product. Luoyang Wangcheng Garden unearthed in the Song Dynasty three-color double-lion pillow, and the lion site unearthed double lion pillow with a wishful head-shaped pillow surface, the middle of the pillow surface scribed peony pattern, pillow wall Shi Shi Xiu Xiu ball pattern, should be the kiln products .

4. Lushan section shop kiln, the three-color pillow is loose. The main shapes are waist round, rectangular, hexagonal pillow and tiger pillow. The tiger-shaped pillow is stamped and made of yellow glaze as the background color and then applied to the green color. The tiger pillows collected by the Datong Museum and the Hebei Provincial Museum are presumed to be the product of the kiln.

5. Youcun kiln in You County, only found a few pieces of tricolor pillow. The upper and lower limits of the time for the Shaocun kiln to be burnt were approximately between the Song and Yuan dynasties.

6. The Luanzhou kiln in Zhangzhou was unearthed with a small amount of Song Sancai, represented by three colored pillows.

7. Linyan Yanhedian Kiln discovered only one tricolor lion fragment, presumably three lion-shaped pillow fragments.

8. Xixian Kiln in Mixian County. The tri-color pillow rests on the cultural layer of the Song Dynasty in the kiln.

9. Dengfeng Qu River Kiln, collected a large number of tri-color pillows, there is a kind of animal-shaped pillow, animal for horizontal, backrest pillow surface. The tricolor lion pillow unearthed in Zhengzhou may be produced for this kiln.

10. Xiuyang Dangyang kiln, one of the kiln furnace kiln bed residual small pieces of burning appliances and three color film, speculated that the kiln is burning three color products. Unearthed three color pillows are fragments.

11. Luoyang Xinan Kiln, only found two pieces of three-color lumbar pillow.

2. Hebei Yaokang 1. Guantai Cizhou Kiln, Sancai Pillow mainly comes from the fourth, fifth, and six stratum units in the kiln site, with the fifth group being the most. The age is mainly in the middle to late period of the Northern Song Dynasty to the Great Dynasties of the Yuan Dynasty. Years. The Cizhou Yao Sancai pillow is mainly applied yellow green glaze, mainly green glaze, with yellow glaze for decoration and decoration. In the first year of the Southern Song Dynasty (1163), the collection of the Capital Museum collected the poems of the yellow-green white glaze and the stamp of the “Zhang Jiazao” at the end. It is a typical Cizhou kiln product. Tokyo National Museum of Japan, Jinan, Jinan Five years (1200 years) Yellow-green glazed fan-shaped pillows, similar to the Guanzhou Cizhou Kiln IIIA pillows, are not found in other kiln sites and should be watched in Taiwan.

2. Watching Taiwan's Cizhou kiln, the investigation found some tricolor printed pillows.

3. The kiln of Boshan Street in Zibo, Shandong Province, was unearthed on the second floor of the kiln site. A number of celadon printing bowls and printing plates were also unearthed in this layer. The inner sole was more than a week glazed and glazed. It had the characteristics of the filling and burning method of the Jin Dynasty porcelain kiln in the northern area. .

4. Changzhi Bayi Kiln of Shanxi Kiln Changchang found only some tricolor fragments. Shanxi is also an important porcelain producing area in the north of China. It has a wide distribution of kiln sites and a rich variety of porcelain. It is known as “Northern Black, Central White, and Southern Colored (Tricolor)”. However, most of the kiln sites have not been excavated, and there are very few data. In Jinnan, there is also a tricolor pillow with ** as the base glaze. For example, the Sancai Tongzi lotus pillow unearthed from the Houma Golden Tomb in Shanxi Province is not seen in other regions and should be produced in Shanxi Yaoyao.

5. Yonghe Kiln in Jizhou, Jilin, Jiangxi Province, found some tricolor pillows. The saddle-shaped tri-color pillow unearthed in the Song Tomb of Jishui in Jiangxi Province should be a product of Jizhou Kiln.