The mineral name of sapphire is corundum, which is a corundum mineral. In fact, the gem-quality corundum in nature, in addition to the red called ruby, the other colors such as blue, light blue, green, yellow, gray, colorless, etc., are called sapphire. The production of sapphire is very wide. According to the geographical environment, sapphire can be divided into the following categories:
1. Chinese sapphire. In the 1980s, many sapphire deposits were discovered in the basalts along the eastern coast of China. Among them, the quality of Shandong (Changle) sapphire is the best. The crystal has a hexagonal barrel shape and a large particle size, generally above 1 cm, and the largest can reach several thousand carats. Sapphire is mostly indigo, blue, green and yellow near carbon black due to its high iron content. Mainly indigo. There are very few inclusions in gem-quality sapphires. In addition to the black solid inclusions, fingerprint-like inclusions are still visible. There are no silky rutile and diffuse liquid inclusions. The flat ribbon in the sapphire is obvious, and the polycrystalline twin crystal is not developed. The outer edge of the large crystal can be seen as a growth line parallel to the hexagonal cylinder. Shandong sapphire is a high quality sapphire because of its internal defects.
2. Heilongjiang Province sapphire. The color is bright, transparent blue, light blue, gray blue, light green, rose red, etc., with or without inclusions, can be applied without color change. The downside is that the particles are small.
3. Sapphire produced in Hainan Island and Fujian. The characteristics are similar. Generally, the crystal with a particle diameter of less than 5 mm is transparent and has few other defects except for a simple gas-liquid inclusion and a straight double crystal. However, the outer edges of the crystals with particles larger than 5 mm contain different layers of milky white, opaque, parallel hexagonal cylinders. Three sets of polycrystalline twin crystals of parallel rhombohedrons in the crystal develop. There are more polygap and silkworm seed rutile inclusions in the crystal.
4, Jiangsu Province sapphire. The color is beautiful and transparent, mostly blue, light blue and green. However, when the surface is ejected, the volcanic eruption force is strong, so the sapphire crystal often splits along the axial plane and is thin, so it is difficult to take the material.
5. Indian Kashmir sapphire. The color is blue in the cornflower, which is the indigo of the microstrip purple. The color has a large brightness and a bright color. The haze-like inclusion has a milky white reflective effect. It is a high quality sapphire variety. However, because the mining area is located at the northwestern end of the Himalayas, it is more than 5,000 meters above sea level. It is covered with fog all year round and has not been produced in recent years.
6, Myanmar Mogok sapphire. It is produced in the same mining area as ruby, and the other features are identical except for the color. Its inclusion body is as follows: 绢 rutile rutile inclusions, arranged in parallel with hexagonal cylinders, intersecting at 60 degrees and 120 degrees. If the vertical stell-like inclusion is cut, it can be six-shot or twelve-shot star after honing into a curved gemstone; the area of ​​the bubble in the void of the fingerprint-like liquid inclusion is small, about 30%; solid package Body, corundum, spinel, uranium pyrochlore, apatite, etc.
7, Sri Lanka sapphire. Same as a ruby ​​in a mining area, except for the different colors, the other characteristics are exactly the same. Its inclusions are as follows: 绢 filamentous inclusions, similar to Burmese sapphire, the difference is that the fibers are thin and long, can present six-shot starlight; liquid inclusions, in an amorphous layered fabric or fingerprint-like distribution; solid package Body, there are zircon, apatite, biotite and so on.
8, Thai sapphire. It has a black blue color and a light gray blue color. There are no filamentous inclusions in the crystal, but fingerprint-like liquid inclusions develop. The most characteristic is that there is a crack in the shape of a lotus leaf around the black solid inclusion body. The three groups of polycrystalline twin crystals developed, and the cracks split along the double crystal plane.
9, Australian sapphire. Australia is a producer of abundant sapphire. However, due to the high content of iron, the color of the gemstone is dark. Mostly dark blue, yellow, green or brown near carbon black. Contains dusty inclusions. Its gemstone characteristics are the same as those in Thailand and China, and all need to be changed before they can be used.
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