1. Hetian jade is the main jade material of ancient jade articles in China
Through the study of the literature and the identification of the jade unearthed, the use of ancient jade in China can be summarized into the following four major stages:
(1) In the Neolithic Age, the inland and even the local colored stone were used as raw materials for jade. It is mainly represented by the red mountain culture in the north, the Liangzhu culture in the south, and the Beinan culture in Taiwan. The main jade materials are quartzite, siliceous rock, tremolite rock and serpentine rock.
(2) From the late Shang Dynasty to the Warring States Period, the colored stones of Hetian jade and domestic real estate produced in Xinjiang coexisted, and the number of Hetian jade gradually increased. At the latest in the Shang Dynasty, the use of jade material has undergone major changes. According to the identification of jade articles unearthed from the Yinyang Women’s Tomb in Anyang and the Xingan Shang Dynasty Tomb in Jiangxi, a considerable part of the jade has come from Xinjiang Hetian. From the Han Wu Emperor sent Zhang Huan to the Western Regions for a thousand years, more than 3,000 years ago, began to transport jade from Xinjiang into the mainland. Some scholars have speculated that before the opening of the Silk Road, there was already a jade road that transported jade from Xinjiang to the interior.
(3) From the Han Dynasty to the Ming Dynasty, the jade material was dominated by Hetian jade. In the middle of the Western Han Dynasty, the traffic between the Central Plains Dynasty and the Western Region was unimpeded, and Hetian Yuyuan continued to transport into the mainland. Among all kinds of jade materials, Hetian jade's texture and color are unmatched by other colored stones, so since Hetian jade entered the mainland, not only has the color stone been gradually squeezed out, but I am the only one among all kinds of jade. Many jade artifacts unearthed in the tombs of the princes of the Han Dynasty, such as the tomb of Liu Sheng in Mancheng, Hebei, and the tomb of Huainan in Anhui, were identified as Hetian jade. The folk jade is mostly Dushan jade and jade. From the comparison of the production of several large jade materials after Qin and Han Dynasties, Hetian jade is the best in terms of quality, followed by Dushan jade; in terms of output, the situation is just the opposite, and Hetian jade is the least, which is also the reason for its preciousness.
(4) Hetian Yu in the Qing Dynasty occupied a monopoly position. The ethos of Hezhong and Tianyu continued until the Qing Dynasty. In particular, the Emperor Qianlong did not hesitate to purchase Hetian jade from Xinjiang to produce jade articles in the interior. For example, the Yushanzi, which is now in the Forbidden City, is the "Dazhi Water Map" from Xinjiang. Jade treasures shipped to Yangzhou for transport and returned to Beijing. Until the end of the Qing Dynasty, there was a large influx of jade, and Hetian Yu gradually became less and less. At present, Hetian jade is still an important raw material for modern jade, and high-quality white jade material is still in short supply. Now, the country is organizing and planning the development of Hetian jade. Xinjiang has set up a facility to manage jade. The jade mines have been planned in Tian, ​​Qiemo, Manas and other places. The jade purchase stations have been set up in Hotan, Kashi and Qiemo, which has expanded the production of Hetian jade. Jade is sold in more than ten provinces and cities nationwide.
2. Hetian jade's color and Tianyu are the best among various jade
With its unique jade color, it is highly valued. First of all, the color of Hetian jade is more than that of soft jade in other regions at home and abroad. It has a lot of color and self-contained series. Secondly, Hetian jade has rare white jade in the world, especially white jade with color like sheep fat. It is very valuable for Hetian jade. Again, Hetian jade has a skin color. Many jade in the world are skin-colored, but not as beautiful as Hetian jade.
In ancient China, the color of Hetian jade was highly valued. It is not only an important symbol of quality, but also a certain ideological connotation. The ancients may be influenced by the Five Elements. According to the Quartet and the Central Committee, the five colors of jade are distributed, the east is green, the south is red, the west is white, the north is black, and the center is yellow. In ancient times, the five colors of cyan, red, yellow, white and black were positive colors, and the others were inter-color, so that jade was also divided into five colors. However, Hetian jade actually has only four main colors: white, green, ink and yellow. In addition, jasper is produced in the Kunlun Mountains and the Altun Mountains.
(1) White jade: from white to blue-white, or even gray-white, of which white is the best. Its name includes sheep fat white, pear white, ivory white, white fish belly, fish bone white, brown rice white, chicken bone white, etc., among which the white fat jade is unique to Hetian jade. The amount of sheep fat white jade is very small and the value is very high. Hetian Baiyu is mostly white jade, but white jade is white and warm. If it is white and not moist, it is dead white, and it is by no means good.
(2) Sapphire: The most common, from light cyan to flashing dark blue. Sapphire is the hardest of nephrite, but the color is not as good as white jade, and its value is lower than that of white jade.
(3) Topaz: from light yellow, yellow to yellow to green. Its name is honey wax yellow, corn color yellow, okra yellow, yellow yellow, egg yolk, beige yellow, yellow box yellow, etc., the rare ones are steamed millet, honey wax yellow. The color of topaz is generally light, yellow is bright, and it is extremely rare. The high quality topaz is not inferior to the white jade.
(4) ink jade: from black to light black, its black distribution or point shape, or cloud-like, or pure black, its name is: black clouds, light ink, gold beard, lady 鬓, pure black Wait. The black color is dark and light in the whole jade, and the black color of the jade is caused by the micro-flaky graphite.
(5) Jasper: It is green to dark green, sometimes black spots are visible, and its green has parrot green, pine green, and ginkgo green. As for the status of Hetian jade in ancient jade articles in China, the light-transparent, color-running such as spinach is the top grade, and the greenish-green ash is the lower grade. The best jasper color is jade, and ancient women often use jasper as a headgear. The story of "Jade Jade" is an example.
In short, in Hetian jade, white jade is the most precious, the best in white jade is sheep fat white jade, which is the top grade in jade. The characteristics of sheep fat white jade are white, transparent, fine and moist. Because the topaz produces very little, so the color is pure and the quality of the chicken yellow, its value is not under the white jade.
3. Jade with Hetian jade as the main carrier of jade culture
Jade has been accompanied by the Chinese nation for at least 7,000 years of history. In this long period of time, jade as a rare artifact has such a strong vitality that it is different from many other artifacts in history, such as the Neolithic Age. Pottery, stoneware, bronzes of the Shang and Zhou Dynasties, porcelains after the Wei and Jin Dynasties, etc., have gradually withdrawn or been replaced by other things and have withdrawn from the historical arena due to human progress and cultural changes. Chinese people have a special preference for jade. Many people have never touched jade. The first time they saw jade, no matter how the quality of this jade, it will produce a special emotion from the depths of the heart. Jade can be different cultures and different. The charm of the people and people of different periods can be seen.
(1) When the political value jade appeared, it was only used as a production tool and original ornament. With the development of production, the polarization between the rich and the poor has led to the emergence of the class and the emergence of the state, and the concept of hierarchy has also emerged. Slowly, this kind of production is rare, and the beautiful and durable jade has become a special object enjoyed by the ruling class. And given a special meaning. As a norm of political hierarchy, in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States period, jade articles have detailed records. For example, the use of "Six Rui" is: Wang Zhizhen Gui, Gong Zhiyu, Hou Zhixin, Bo Zhiqi, Zizhigu Hey, the man is holding a puppet. These specifications are distinguished by the shape and size of the jade. The town is the largest, followed by Guigui, and the baron with the lowest position of Xingui is the jade-shaped jade with the pattern. After Qin, Yuxi became a symbol of monarchy. The system of jade-like shackles has always followed the Qing Dynasty, and the Emperor Qianlong of the Qianlong Emperor, mostly made of jade. Yu Yu is so, jade belt also has a level regulation, the Tang Dynasty clearly stipulated the system of officials using jade belt.
"New Tang Book · Car Service" contains "the service of purple as the three products, the golden jade with the thirteen; the service of the four products, the gold belt 挎 eleven; the shallow 绯 is the clothing of the five products, the gold belt 挎eleven". It can be seen that from the end of the primitive society to the Qing Dynasty, some jade articles have always been an important symbol of the political hierarchy.
(2) When morality gives jade culture from the time of its birth, it uses jade to give morality. The so-called "gentleman is better than jade, gentleman is jade" and so on. The moral connotation of jade has been produced in the early Western Zhou Dynasty. Since then, a set of jade morality has been developed, and its conception and systemization have been carried out. After Confucius founded the Confucian doctrine, the Confucian use of jade has been running through the whole. China's feudal society is deeply rooted in people's minds. Confucian morality is known for its coverage of benevolence, righteousness, courtesy, wisdom, and faith. Jade morality is based on it, symbolizing the noble character and sentiment in ethical concepts. Among them, there are many words that the ancient working people created to relate to jade, which means more beautiful and noble. For example, people often use "nearly jade, not for the whole" to compare someone's noble sentiment and arrogance. The Chinese nation's preference, propaganda, and respect for jade have been tenaciously vitalized by the thinkers and have been used by ruling classes of all ages. The morality and personification of jade are widely accepted by the people and are an important reason for the longevity of jade.
(3) Economic value The economic value of jade is self-evident. As a symbol of wealth, jade has been expressed in the Liangzhu culture and Hongshan culture of the primitive society. In the large tombs, there are dozens or even hundreds of jade articles as funerary burials. It can be seen that the tomb owner is the leader with powerful and wealthy wealth. In the slave society, this phenomenon is more obvious. The famous Anyang Yinxu Women's Tomb, Jiangxi Xingan Tomb and other Shang Dynasty aristocrats and Fangguo tombs are rich in burial jade, indicating that the large slave owners have valuable jade articles. In the Han Dynasty, the wind of the funeral jade was more prosperous. The famous Han Dynasty Jin Yu Yu Yi, Yin Yu Yu Yi, and Tong Yu Yu Yi came from this. In addition, the most valuable indicator of the economic value of jade is the jade coin of the Shang Dynasty. It is made of jade as a beetle, as a voucher for the exchange of goods, and also a gift for direct exchange or tribute of jade. After the Ming and Qing Dynasties, jade goods became an industry and traded.
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